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During the Progressive Era, over 150 African American women's clubs flourished .

During the Progressive Era, over 150 African American women's clubs flourished in Chicago. Toward a Tenderer Humanity and a Nobler Womanhood: African American Women's Clubs in Turn-Of-The-Century Chicago. Orginally i was going to write a book about mothers’ clubs in Chicago, comparing those of African American, native-born white, Jewish, and Italian women.

Few original records of the clubs seem to have survived. For primary sources, both books rest upon the African-American press and the writings of Chicago club women Fannie Barrier Williams, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Elizabeth Lindsay Davis. Knupfer and Hendricks exploit their sources in quite different ways. Knupfer employs a sociological approach. She organizes her book topically, scrutinizing in turn club women's ideologies and discourses; socioeconomic change; political reform; homes for children, young working girls, and the elderly; settlement houses; and literary and social clubs.

The field of African American women's history has grown tremendously over the last twenty-five years, and . Citation: Susan L. Smith.

The field of African American women's history has grown tremendously over the last twenty-five years, and attention to women's community work has been among the major themes that have emerged in this scholarship. Through these clubs, women created a vibrant social world of their own, seeking to achieve social and political uplift by educating themselves and the members of their communities. In politics, they battled legal discrimination, advocated anti-lynching laws, and fought for suffrage. During the Progressive Era, over 150 African American women's clubs flourished in Chicago

African American club women's ideologies and discourses - African American communities in Chicago - The women's clubs and political .

African American club women's ideologies and discourses - African American communities in Chicago - The women's clubs and political reform - Homes for dependent children, young working girls, and the elderly - African American settlements - Literary clubs - Social clubs. Responsibility: Anne Meis Knupfer.

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African American Library Directors in the USA Complete A-Z List Complete List of Sources Kentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (source). Toward a tenderer humanity and a nobler womanhood : African American women's clubs in turn-of-the-century Chicago. Author(s)/Publishing Information.

African American Women's Clubs in Turn-Of-The-Century Chicago

African American Women's Clubs in Turn-Of-The-Century Chicago. During the Progressive Era, over 150 African American women's clubs flourished in Chicago.

The Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs (CNDA) was a woman's club formed in 1906 under the name the City Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (CFCWC). Its member clubs belonged to the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (IFCWC). Mrs. Cordelia West contacted women's club presidents in Chicago to join together to work more effectively to solve the problems facing the African-American community.